When using "Compare" as a signal, " Compare," " with," and the conjunction " and" should all be italicised and both " with" and " and" should be preceded by a comma:
Stated another way, "Cf." is used when a comparison between the textual assertion and the cited source would support the proposition by analogy, while "Compare" is used when the comparison between two or more sources will tend to support or illustrate the proposition. Second, "Compare" "must be used in conjunction with ' with'" and used to offer a comparison between two or more cited authorities while "Cf." may be used to compare a single authority with the textual proposition. This distinction is important when determining the order of signals and authorities, explained below. " Cf." is the abbreviation of the Latin word "confer," literally meaning "compare," but proper use of the two signals does vary in several key ways.įirst, " Cf." is classified as as signal indicating support (in rule 1.2(a)) rather than one of comparison. Two introductory signals may be used to suggest a useful comparison: " Cf. These are some examples of what it looks like to use a signal verb. Law Review Typeface For Comparison Signals: Italics Use the past tense of the verb for APA and Chicago styles, and the present tense for MLA. Again, an explanatory parenthetical explaining the relevance of the material is strongly encouraged. NOTE: It is not appropriate to use See also for general background-reading materials in that case, the signal " See generally" should be used (rule 1.2(d)).
An explanatory parenthetical stating the relevance of the additional material is strongly encouraged. "See also" is used to cite to additional materials and authority that supports a proposition but when other authority has already been cited to using either See or. Although not a catch-all signal, it is often inappropriately used as such. It is used when the cited authority clearly supports a proposition but there is an inferential step between the proposition as stated and the cited authority. See is probably the most frequently used (and abused) introductory signal. NOTE: " E.g." can be combined with other signals, such as " See." When communed with another signal, the other signal should be given first, separated by an italicized comma but ending with a non-italicized comma: " E.g.," is the abbreviation for the Latin phrase "exempli gratia," and can loosely be translated to mean "good example." " E.g." is used when the cited authority states the proposition and when citation to other authorities also stating the proposition would be unhelpful or unnecessary. identifies the source referred to in the text.identifies the source of a direct quotation or.No signal is necessary if a cited authority: The most frequently used are probably, E.g., See, and See Also. Signals indicating that the cited work is supportive of the author's text are the most commonly used type of signal. British Columbia's carbon tax.Law Review Typeface For Introductory Signals: Italics Pricing carbon when we don't know the right price.
SIGNAL PHRASE EXAMPLES HOW TO
The value of nothing: How to reshape market society and redefine democracy. Conflicting scientific opinion and uncertainties about climate change and its possible effect are huge, making the economic argument for strict GHG reductions far from clear (Pindyck, 2013, p. This theory ignores the fact that special interest groups, such as oil companies and known industrial polluters, are vocal in their opposition to governments asking for limits to the impact of carbon taxes. How is the price set for each tonne of gas emission? And what are the factors than influence the pricing?Īccording to Patel (2011)the theory behind carbon pricing is the assumption that the market will price it fairly. In British Columbia, our "carbon tax provides a signal across the economy to reduce emissions while encouraging sustainable economic activity and investment in low-carbon innovation" (Province of British Columbia, n.d., para. Here's a sample paragraph with in-text citations (bold is for emphasis only do not do this in your paper).
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